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=  = =Imperialists Divide Nigeria (and South America) =

__ Racism: __ A belief that one race is superior to others.
= __Boer War:__ (1899-1902) Great Britain attempted to annex the Boer Republics, but the Boer people resisted. The Boer used strong guerilla tactics and the British did not achieve a victory until over 450,000 British troops had been employed. = = __Boer:__ A Dutch colony in South Africa. = = __Berlin Conference of 1884-1885:__a meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa. = = __Great Trek:__ a migration of Dutch colonists out of the British controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830's. =

Brief History of Nigeria:
===NIgeria is a very culturally diverse area of Africa. Of the nearly 250 ethnic groups the three largest were the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest and the Igbo in the southeast. These three groups differed in religion, culture and government as the Hausa-Fulani were Muslim with a central government, the Yoruba and Igbo however relied on local chiefs and small councils in their traditional lives. The slave trade had a large effect on Nigeria, nearly 3.5 million people between the 1650's and the 1860's were forced to migrate in the transatlantic slave trade. The slave trade was a big part of life in the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria, but as Islam and Christianity spread so did the questioning of human rights. ===

Colonization of Nigeria:
===  Colonization of Africa began as Europeans recognized racism and a sense of national pride based on Charles Darwin's theory of Social Darwinism. Many Europeans felt it was their duty to spread their knowledge to other nations who were not as advanced. Newfound materials in Africa including copper, tin, gold and diamonds as well as other material exports. === ===  Great Britain was the first to colonize Nigeria in 1914, but other European nations rushed to claim parts of Africa. In 1884, fourteen countries met in Berlin, Germany to decide how to colonize Africa. It was agreed that European nations only had to notify other Europeans of their colonization and the dominating nation had to prove that they could control the area of Africa they had claimed. ===

This meeting resolutely decided the fate of Africa although the Africans had no say.
===  The British forces were not large enough to control Nigeria so the British established a form of indirect government. The British relied on local chiefs and administrations to control the colony and collect taxes. This system worked well in the north as the Hausa-Fulani already had a similar government to the one the British government imposed. However in the southeast and southwest the people were not able to transfer to the new government as smoothly. The British limited the power of the chiefs and this led to problems in governing the area. ===

Rebellion:
===  Attempts to colonize Africa were met with resistance across the continent. Africans were often at a disadvantage as European weapons were far superior. Europeans also took advantage of enemy tribes, often turning them against each other and beginning battle to seize land. African alliances with Europeans were not always honored. Europeans were able to penetrate deep into Africa because of superior technology including steam boats and railroads which allowed for communication between the colonies and the dominant nation. Other technological advances including the development of quinine, a drug that when administered in regular doses protected Europeans from African diseases. African nations were already divided by culture, government and resources and were unable to band together to protect against European invasion. Excluding Ethiopia, all attempts to revolt in Africa eventually failed. === ===  The Dutch began to settle in Africa, by the Cape of Good Hope, and these settlers came to be known as Boers. In the 1800's the British began to move into the same area and the Boers migrated north in The Great Trek. However the Boers soon began to fight with the Zulu whose land they were taking. When diamonds and gold were discovered in this area, the Boers blamed the British for the mass migration to the area. The Boers attempted to prevent the incomers from gaining power, but this attempt only sparked the Boer War between the Boers and the British. This was one of the first modern wars where raids and guerilla tactics were used and concentration camps were introduced. Eventually in 1902, the British won the war and the Boers were forced into the Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British. The war began a series of political, economic and social changes in Africa that changed the continent forever. ===

Effects of Imperialism:
=== Few positive effects resulted from European imperialism in Africa. African nations gained many European technologies and found their economic role expanding world wide. Also under European rule local warfare was greatly reduced, and rivalries between tribes decreased under the influence of European military power. === === However many African tribes lost their customs and culture. Many traditional leaders were replaced by British authority figures. African people also lost their homes, land and jobs. Farming techniques changed to support cash crops instead of the traditional agriculture. Many men were forced to take jobs in European owned companies including farms and government projects. Many Africans admired European lifestyles and as many colonies divided former tribes, problems were created for nations that evolved from former colonies. Disease and war between African and Europeans decimated African populations. Famine also resulted from the switch to cash crops. However humanitarian efforts also arrived with the European conquers and sanitation was improved as hospitals and schools began. === ===  From a historical aspect, the colonization of Africa benefitted the continent as local warfare ended and literacy rates increased. Although Africans lost much of their culture, European colonization allowed Africa to modernize and continue an important role in global economy even when the slave trade ended. === ===  However from a modern viewpoint Africa lost much of its identity along with its culture and customs when Europeans began dividing up the land. Europe divided up Africa using boundaries that often united enemy nations or divided clans. Because of this disregard for traditionalism, Africa still suffers from tribalism today. Today civil wars and power struggles are common within national governments. Many tribes within nations are still resentful towards each other and the British government today because of actions during the 1800 and 1900's. Nigeria gained its independence in 1960 and today is led by a president with peace keeping goals in mind. ===

[[image:http://sun.menloschool.org/%7Esportman/modernworld/chapter8/2003/bblock/sbarrales/africa.jpg]]
===This picture is representative of the European domination of Africa. European competition for land in Africa became so fierce that European nations soon feared that war would begin between them. To prevent fighting, European nations gathered in Berlin in 1884-1885 and set guidelines for the division of Africa. Although there were no African representatives at this meeting, it was here that the fate of the continent would be decided.===

text pages 623-632 and 713-722
Muhammad's rule in Egypt: -Successor to Napoleon's rule-Muhammad Ali (1764-1849) -eliminated rivals + was able to rule Egypt from 1805-1848 -aim was to give Egypt sufficient military strength to prevent another European conquest, used European experts to achieve this -increased agricultural production + created modern army and administration -set up European style state schools and opened military college in Aswan -paid for by requiring Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton and other crops for export Ismail -grandson of Ali (1863-1879) -westernized Egypt, considered it a part of Europe, not Africa -by 1870 egypt had new irrigation canals, 800 miles of railroad, modern postal service and a new capital city in Cairo -market for Egyptian cotton dropped after American revolution, debt to British and French investors increased. -"Scramble for Africa" affected all regions of continent **Egypt** **-** attempted to modernized armed forces, build canals, harbors, railroads and other public works, point agriculture towards export crops -Ambitions cost $$ which was borrowed from European creditors at high interest rates -Attempted to avoid bankruptcy by selling share in Suez Canal to Britain and accepted 4 foreign commissioners of debt to oversee its finances -However Britain and France still not happy -1887 persuaded Ismail to appoint frenchman as minister of public works and Briton as minister of finances -High taxes caused discontent -Persuaded Ottoman Sultan to dispose Ismail-provoked uprising under Arabi Pasha, threatened canal -1882 British sent army to Egypt, stayed for 70 yrs -British eager to develop Egyptian agriculture-built dam across Nile in 1902 West Africa -Henry Morton Stanley explored Congo Basin in 1879 and persuaded King Leopold II of Belgium to invest in Africa, set up ports -Savorgnan de Brazza of France made a treaty w/an African ruler on opposite bank to place the area under the protection of France  -These events triggered the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to agree on how to divide Africa  -new rulers took advantage of existing trade networks  -Rubber boom 1895-1905 produced abuse of Africans  -1906 British began to publicize horrors and the Belgian government took over Leopold's empire in 1908 South Africa -land had attracted settlers differed from other regions -Afrikaners - descendants of Dutch settlers, Indians and British settlers populated the region -attracted settlers w/ diamonds, gold, copper and good farmlands -1868 discovery of diamonds at Kimberley lured many and Britain annexed the area in 1871 -British domination angered the people, but Britain defeated Xhosa in 1878 -1879 encountered Zulu led by Cetshwayo, Zulu eventually defeated and king exiled -gold discovered in 1886 in Transvaal led to British domination in population -Britain's domination was driven by Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) -Some people welcomed Europeans as allies against local enemies -Menelik became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, began purchasing weapons, Italy sold many in treaty of Wichelle in 1889 -1895 Italy attempted to take over, they found Ethiopians armed and the Italians were defeated at Adowa in 1896 -colonial rule disrupted traditional society, traditional rulers lost all authority and legal rights were handled much differently -in area w/ high pop density, colonial rulers left peasants in place and collected taxes -any land that wasn't farmed was given to private companies or European farmers -Europeans didn't wish to pay high wages to African workers, imposed hut tax and head tax that all Africans had to pay, to earn money to pay these taxes, Africans took whatever jobs they could -Africans made 1/10 as much as Europeans -many men were forced to become migrant workers, leaving their wives and children behind to feed themselves, prostitution rates rose as did the transmission of disease. -some women welcomed colonial rule b/c it meant the end of fighting and slave raids, but some were led into captivity -man was hoh, held property rights, and reserved all jobs -missionaries opened schools, boys were taught crafts and girls learned domestic skills -Samuel Ajayi Crowther was educated in missionary schools, became an Anglican minister and in 1864 the first African bishop -Christian missionaries brought religious change to Africa -Christianity was also adapted to African values to form denominations such as "Ethiopian churches" -Islam remained dominant and was spread through colonialism

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